Waste lead-acid batteries generally come from scrapped automobiles and electric bicycles. Depending on structural and functional differences, lead-acid batteries can be categorized into starting (flooded) lead-acid batteries, motive (starved electrolyte) lead-acid batteries, and other types. Waste lead-acid batteries contain 11% to 30% (by weight) of electrolyte. During the dismantling phase, the drained electrolyte is stored in a sealed container and periodically transferred to a neutralization pool. Chemicals such as sodium carbonate are added, leading to the production of anhydrous sodium sulfate through processes like pressure filtration and centrifugation.