The dataset represents the transport service of 1 ton provided by a truck with a load capacity of ＞26 tonsand emission level of China V emission standard over a distance of 1 kilometer. The transport dataset covers the entire lifecycle of transport, including the construction of vehicles and road infrastructure, operation, maintenance, and end-of-life. The average cargo load of this heavy-duty III truck is 45 tons and the average load factor is 60%. These two values refer to the fuel consumption of trucks and the China Highway Freight Big Data Carbon Emission Report. Fuel consumption and main emissions (nitrogen oxides, nitrous oxide, methane, non-methane hydrocarbons, ammonia, benzene, and lead) are calculated based on the limits of fuel consumption for diesel trucks in operation in China's standards and literature. Truck size and load factor determine the Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW), and therefore also determine fuel consumption and exhaust and non-exhaust emissions. Exhaust emissions from fuel combustion depend on the fuel (type and quantity of fuel) or depend on the emission standards. The latter reflects the emission regulations that vehicles adhere to. For road infrastructure, expenditures and environmental interventions due to road construction are allocated based on the total ton-kilometer performance. Expenditures for road infrastructure operation and land use have been allocated based on the annual vehicle kilometers.