Steelmaking processes mainly include converter steelmaking technology and EAF steel technology. Converter steelmaking is a common process where, during smelting, impurities such as sulfur and phosphorus are removed from the molten steel through high-temperature combustion and oxygen blowing. By controlling the amount of oxygen blown and production time, the oxygen atmosphere and reaction conditions inside the furnace are regulated, thus controlling the composition and quality of the alloy. After that, the refined molten steel is transported to the rotary platform via a steel ladle. Once the rotary platform rotates to the casting position, the molten steel is poured into the tundish. The tundish then distributes the molten steel through nozzles to various crystallizers, where after cooling and solidification, they form shaped coarse steel billets. Electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking is a method that uses the thermal effect of an electric arc to heat the furnace charge for smelting. Electrical energy is supplied to the electric arc furnace through graphite electrodes, with the electric arc occurring between the electrode tip and the furnace charge serving as the heat source for steelmaking. EAF steelmaking primarily uses scrap steel as the main raw material, with alloys, lime, and carbon enhancers as auxiliary materials. The basic processes of EAF steelmaking encompass slag removal and furnace repairs, loading metallic furnace charge, supplying electricity, melting, oxidation, reduction refining, and finally tapping steel. In this unit process, the scrap ratio in EAF steelmaking is approximately 30%.
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