This dataset describes underground mining of raw coal, with the following process flow: 1.Tunneling The first step of underground mining is tunneling, which creates a passage for mining the coal seam. These tunnels are usually excavated using a tunneling machine or blasting. Tunnels are divided into main tunnels (such as transport tunnels and ventilation tunnels) and auxiliary tunnels (such as personnel access tunnels and drainage tunnels) for coal transport, ventilation, personnel movement, equipment, and waste handling. 2.Coal Mining After the tunnel is completed, coal mining is the core step in underground mining. Depending on the structure, thickness, and mining technology of the coal seam, different mining techniques are employed. Common underground mining methods include: Longwall mining: A large-scale mining method where the coal seam is mined in a wide area, usually accompanied by tunnel support. Room and pillar mining: The coal seam is divided into smaller blocks, supported by pillars, and mined progressively. 3.Machinery and Equipment The mining and transport process relies heavily on machinery and equipment, including: Coal cutter: Used to cut the coal seam during longwall mining. Hydraulic supports: Used to support the roof and prevent tunnel collapse. Tunnel boring machine: Used for tunneling. Belt conveyor: Transports the mined coal from the working face to the transport system. 4.Underground and In-plant Transport Underground transport refers to transporting coal from the working face to the mine shaft, typically using belt conveyors or mine cars. After reaching the mine shaft, the coal is transported via in-plant transport systems (such as belt conveyors or trains) to the coal preparation plant or external markets. Efficiency improvements in this stage directly affect the overall production process. 5.Ventilation The ventilation system is an indispensable part of underground mining. As the underground working environment is enclosed, the ventilation system ensures the circulation of fresh air, removal of toxic gases (such as methane), and dust, ensuring the safety of workers. The ventilation system usually consists of fans, ventilation ducts, and ventilation shafts to maintain airflow underground. 6.Pollutant Treatment and Disposal The main pollutants generated during underground mining include: Mine water: Typically containing coal dust, suspended solids, and chemicals, it requires treatment through settling ponds and water treatment facilities. Coal dust: Poses health risks to miners and environmental hazards; it is controlled through methods such as wet dust suppression and spraying. Waste materials: Mine waste and rock are transported to the surface, stored in designated areas, and managed for reclamation. 7.Ecological Restoration and Remediation The environmental impacts of underground mining on the surface mainly include ground subsidence and changes in groundwater flow. Therefore, ecological restoration measures include: Land reclamation: Filling in subsided areas caused by mining and restoring agricultural or vegetative use. Water resource management: Restoring groundwater systems and preventing water pollution or loss. Vegetation restoration: Planting vegetation in affected areas to prevent soil erosion and improve the ecological environment.

The coal resources in Hunan are concentrated in the four cities of Loudi, Shaoyang, Hengyang, and Chenzhou in central and southeastern Hunan, with the remaining reserves accounting for 92% of the provinces total remaining reserves. The coal resources of the entire province are divided into 9 coal fields: Ziyi, Chenlai, Chalie, Qiling, Shaoyang, Yuan, Shaoshan, Qianche, and Sangshi. The geological structure of Hunan is complex, resulting in significant variation in coal seams. Numerous mines, small scale, and complex mining technical conditions are prominent characteristics of Hunans coal industry. The province has a fairly complete range of coal types, including anthracite, lean coal, lean-coking coal, coking coal, 1/3 coking coal, fat coal, gas-fat coal, gas coal, and long-flame coal. The raw coals ash content is 1. 44.33%, volatile matter 0.57~43.3%, total sulfur 0.32~9.01%, carbon content 81.96~95.35%, Qnet,ar net calorific value on as-received basis 4430~8890 kcal/kg.