Steelmaking technologies primarily comprise converter steelmaking technology and EAF steelmaking technology. Converter steelmaking is a common process where, during smelting, high-temperature burning and oxygen blowing are used to remove impurities from the molten steel, such as sulfur, phosphorus, and others. By controlling the volume of injected oxygen and production time, the oxygen atmosphere inside the furnace and reaction conditions are regulated, therefore controlling the alloy composition and quality. Subsequently, the refined molten steel is transported via ladles to a turret. When the turret turns to the casting position, steel is poured into a tundish. The tundish then distributes the molten steel through nozzles to various molds. After cooling and solidification, these formations become crudely shaped steel billets. Electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking is a method of steel production that uses the thermal effect of electric arcs to heat and smelt the furnace charge. Electrical energy is fed into the EAF steelmaking furnace through graphite electrodes, with the electric arc between the electrode tips and the furnace charge serving as the heat source for steel refining. EAF steelmaking primarily uses scrap steel as the main raw material, with alloy, limestone, and carbon increaser as auxiliary materials. The basic process of EAF steelmaking includes furnace cleaning, loading of metal furnace charge, power feeding, melting, oxidation, reduction refining, and tapping. In this unit process, the scrap ratio of electric arc furnace steelmaking is about 30%.
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