Cradle to Gate
Identity ID
4e201058-361d-48b7-b924-00332b5d07dd
Materials
Associated ID
481f0d6b-8222-4995-bff6-cd30c392feb2
Included activities starts
Included activities ends
Description
This process includes oil extraction and surface handling stages. It covers methane emissions (fugitive emissions, flaring) in specific regions, produced water discharge, and direct energy use during oil production, including drilling, oil pumping, water injection, and flaring. Flaring refers to oil and gas companies transporting combustible waste gases generated during various production processes to a flare system or waste gas combustion system for incineration. Additionally, emissions from spills associated with drilling and pumping operations are included in this inventory, but crude oil spills related to transportation and refining are not included. The production of crude oil and natural gas is often closely related and requires material allocation, typically based on energy content to ensure scientific fairness and rational distribution. A low-permeability oilfield refers to an oilfield with low reservoir permeability, low abundance, and low productivity per well. A water cut of 80--90% refers to oil wells producing fluids with water content between 80% and 90%; this provision assumes a water cut of 85%. The net calorific value of crude oil is 43.4 MJ/kg, with an average calorific value of natural gas at 36 MJ/Sm³. Modeled based on representative data from production technologies, this dataset reflects the average production level in China. The dataset is based on literature data and has been optimized and modeled using the best available information as of 2023.
Activity Description
This dataset represents onshore extraction of oil and natural gas from low-permeability oilfields using water flooding. The process includes oil production and surface processing stages. The oil production stage involves lifting oil and gas to the surface using pumping units. Surface processing mainly includes three-phase separation of oil, gas, and water, as well as oil and gas transportation.
Process Description
Crude oil (non-heavy oil) is a fossil fuel with a net calorific value of 43.4 MJ/kg. The density of crude oil varies depending on the characteristics of the oil field, and its relative density generally ranges between 0.75 and 0.95 g/cm³. Crude oil is primarily produced through underground extraction. It is mainly used as a feedstock in refineries for the production of various fuels and petrochemical products.
Time period
2022
2026
Geography
China
Geography comment
technological representative data
Macroeconomic value
Business-as-Usual
Data validation
Yes
Technology
Current Technology
Technology comment
Water injection technology accounts for 80% of the market share. Water injection refers to the process in oilfield development where water is injected into the reservoir through dedicated injection wells to maintain or restore reservoir pressure, thereby providing strong driving force for the reservoir and enhancing both oil recovery rate and production speed. Energy consumption during water injection mainly involves the operation of oil pumping units, water injection pumps, water separation pumps, and oil and water transfer pumps, as well as natural gas combustion in gas turbine systems. The water injection ratio is typically rationally set according to the characteristics of the oilfield.