This dataset represents the provision of one ton of transportation service over one kilometer by a diesel locomotive. The dataset includes the production and maintenance of the diesel locomotive and railcars, the construction of railway tracks, and the energy consumption and operational emissions of diesel-powered freight trains. Energy consumption and operational emissions data are primarily derived from industry surveys, standards, transportation yearbooks, and a synthesis of literature, representing average conditions in China. Data on the production and maintenance of locomotives and railcars, as well as railway track construction, are reasonably extrapolated from information related to France.