Cradle to Consumer
Identity ID
5de0e439-cef9-45ff-ae10-b2e4136bf40a
Materials
Associated ID
beeae313-1065-44f3-ab03-669827c24244
Included activities starts
Included activities ends
Description
This dataset is a market dataset representing the consumption market of the region. The dataset includes the transport of the product from the gate to the consumption end, and the transport service is calculated based on the transport situation of the product in the region. The product represented by this dataset is crude lead, the core intermediate product of lead smelting obtained by smelting silver-lead concentrate through a combined process of oxygen bottom-blowing smelting + liquid slag direct reduction smelting. Its main component is metallic lead, and this smelting process simultaneously produces secondary zinc oxide as a by-product; the upstream raw material of this product is silver-lead concentrate, and downstream it serves as the core feed of the electrolytic refining process, through which high-purity electrolytic lead can be produced, making it a key smelting product that connects the upstream and downstream of the lead metallurgy industry chain. The dataset includes the main raw and auxiliary materials, energy and waste of the production process, while infrastructure such as production equipment manufacturing and plant construction is not included within the dataset boundary; the data inventory is formed by merging data from multiple sources.
Activity Description
The crude lead smelting production adopts the "oxygen bottom blowing smelting + liquid slag direct reduction smelting process". The production process includes five processes: oxygen bottom blowing smelting, reduction smelting, fuming furnace recovery, crude lead fire refining, and reverberatory furnace treatment. The entire process covers the process from silver-lead concentrate to crude lead.
Process Description
Crude lead is a product smelted from silver-lead concentrate via the oxygen bottom-blowing smelting and liquid slag direct reduction smelting process. It consists primarily of lead, and a zinc oxide by-product is generated during this process. As a product of the crude lead smelting stage, it can be used as a raw material for subsequent electrolytic refining to produce electrolytic lead.
Time period
2021
2026
Geography
China,Xizang Autonomous Region
Geography comment
Generated by merging multiple data sets in this geographical location.
Macroeconomic value
Business-as-Usual
Data validation
Yes
Technology
Current Technology
Technology comment
The SKS second-generation production process is adopted, i.e., the "oxygen bottom-blowing smelting + liquid slag direct reduction smelting process". The production process includes five steps: oxygen bottom-blowing smelting, reduction smelting, fuming furnace recovery, crude lead fire refining, and reverberatory furnace treatment. First, the primary crude lead produced by the bottom-blown furnace is added to the lead melting pot in a molten state for preliminary fire refining to remove impurities such as copper that are harmful to electrolysis. The de-coppered and de-impurified lead liquid is pumped into the anode casting pot, and anode plates are cast by the anode plate casting machine. The lead anode plates are transported to the lead electrolysis workshop by electric flatbed trucks. The scrap anodes from the lead electrolysis workshop are returned to the lead melting pot for reprocessing and recasting into anodes. The molten high-lead slag from the bottom-blown furnace flows directly into the reduction furnace through the chute for reduction smelting. Secondly, the molten high-lead slag from the bottom-blown furnace enters the reduction furnace through the chute and the charging port, while coke of appropriate particle size is fed into the reduction furnace through the coke charging port. The high-lead slag flows into the reduction furnace through the coke bed filter layer, where the final reduction reaction of PbO and the separation of lead from slag are completed. Then, the reduction furnace slag and the leaching residue of zinc calcine are fed together into the fuming furnace to recover secondary zinc oxide. A mixture of pulverized coal and air is blown into the liquid slag in the fuming furnace, reducing the lead and zinc oxides in the melt to lead and zinc vapors. Lead oxide and lead sulfide with high vapor pressure may also volatilize directly in compound form. Metal vapors, metal sulfides, and oxides enter the upper space of the fuming furnace together with the flue gas, where they are re-oxidized to form ZnO and PbO, which are captured in dust collection equipment and recovered as secondary zinc oxide products. Meanwhile, In, Cd, and part of Ge also volatilize into the flue gas and are captured together with the ZnO. Next, the crude lead from the bottom-blown furnace and the reduction furnace, as well as the scrap anodes from the lead electrolysis workshop, are hoisted into the lead melting pot and heated to 330–340 °C for liquation to remove copper. The de-coppered lead liquid is pumped into the casting pot with a lead pump, heated to 450–480 °C, and then poured into the anode plate molds of the disc casting machine using a quantitative casting drum. On the other side of the disc, the cast anode plates are mechanically hooked out and transported by crane to the anode preparation rack for use. Finally, the dross from the lead melting pot and the refining slag from the electrolytic lead pot are sent to the reverberatory furnace for processing to produce crude lead, matte, and reverberatory slag.