Cradle to Gate
Identity ID
7cf24ab1-4a74-4151-b9d2-5beb8406ce1f
Materials
Associated ID
441f4ea1-9e46-4f56-9ebd-26edae178225
Included activities starts
Included activities ends
Description
This dataset covers the environmental impacts of oil and gas extraction and their transportation to coastal facilities. This process includes both the extraction phase and the surface processing phase. It encompasses methane emissions (fugitive emissions and flaring) in specific regions, produced water discharges, and direct energy use during oil extraction, including drilling, oil pumping, water injection, and flaring. Flaring refers to the practice in oil and gas production where combustible waste gases generated during various production processes are directed to flare systems or waste gas incineration systems for burning treatment. In addition, emissions from oil spills associated with drilling and pumping operations are included in this inventory, but crude oil spills related to transportation and refining are not included. Crude oil and natural gas production are often closely linked, requiring material allocation, typically based on energy content to ensure scientific fairness and rational distribution. Low-permeability oil fields refer to oil fields characterized by low reservoir permeability, low abundance, and low single-well productivity. The net calorific value of crude oil is 43.4 MJ/kg, with an average heating value of 36 MJ/Sm³ for natural gas. Modeled using representative data on production technologies, this dataset reflects the average production level in China. The dataset is based on literature data and has been optimized and modeled using the best available information from 2023.
Activity Description
This dataset represents offshore extraction of oil and natural gas from low-permeability oilfields using water flooding. The process includes oil production and surface processing. Oil production involves lifting oil and gas to the surface using pumping units. Surface processing mainly includes three-phase separation of oil, gas, and water, as well as oil and gas transportation.
Process Description
Crude oil (non-heavy oil) is a fossil fuel with a net calorific value of 43.4 MJ/kg. The density of crude oil varies depending on the characteristics of the oil field, and its relative density generally ranges between 0.75 and 0.95 g/cm³. Crude oil is primarily produced through underground extraction. It is mainly used as a feedstock in refineries for the production of various fuels and petrochemical products.
Time period
2022
2026
Geography
China
Geography comment
technological representative data
Macroeconomic value
Business-as-Usual
Data validation
Yes
Technology
Current Technology
Technology comment
Water injection technology accounts for 80% of the market share. Water injection refers to the process in oilfield development where water is injected into the reservoir through dedicated injection wells to maintain or restore reservoir pressure, thereby providing strong driving force for the reservoir and enhancing both oil recovery rate and production speed. Energy consumption during water injection mainly involves the operation of oil pumping units, water injection pumps, water separation pumps, and oil and water transfer pumps, as well as natural gas combustion in gas turbine systems. The water injection ratio is typically rationally set according to the characteristics of the oilfield.