Limonite, primarily composed of hydrated iron oxides (FeO(OH)·nH2O), includes goethite, lepidocrocite, akaganeite, feroxyhyte, and hydrohematite. Limonite is rich in crystalline water, with a specific magnetic susceptibility of (20–80) × 10⁻⁶ m³/kg, a density of (3.0–4.2) g/cm³, and a Mohs hardness ranging from 1.0 to 5.5. During crushing and grinding processes, limonite is prone to sludging, which not only increases grinding energy consumption and reagent dosage but also reduces beneficiation efficiency, leading to resource waste.