Cradle to Gate
Identity ID
d2804a80-ec4e-4ffd-914f-cd1addc4bf36
Materials
Associated ID
de36f0f3-0e2e-4198-a049-d107d3c9b3df
Included activities starts
Included activities ends
Description
This process includes the oil extraction phase and the surface handling phase. It covers methane emissions (fugitive emissions and flaring) in specific regions, produced water discharges, and direct energy use during oil production, including drilling, oil pumping, water injection, and flaring. Flaring refers to the practice in oil and gas production facilities where combustible waste gases generated during various production processes are transported to flare systems or waste gas combustion systems for incineration. Additionally, emissions from spills associated with drilling and pumping operations are included in this inventory, but crude oil spills related to transportation and refining are not included. The production of crude oil and natural gas is often closely related and requires material allocation, typically based on energy content to ensure scientific fairness and rational distribution. Low-permeability oilfields refer to oilfields with low reservoir permeability, low abundance, and low single-well productivity. Low-permeability oilfields with >90% water cut refer to those where the water content in the produced fluid exceeds 90%; this provision assumes a water cut of 95%. The net calorific value of crude oil is 43.4 MJ/kg, with an average calorific value of natural gas of 36 MJ/Sm³. Modeled using representative data on production technologies, this data represents the average production level in China. This dataset is based on literature data and has been optimized and modeled using the best available information as of 2023.
Activity Description
This dataset represents onshore extraction of oil and natural gas from low-permeability oilfields using water flooding. The process includes oil production and surface processing stages. The oil production stage involves lifting oil and gas to the surface using pumping units. Surface processing mainly includes three-phase separation of oil, gas, and water, as well as oil and gas transportation.
Process Description
Natural gas is a non-toxic, colorless, odorless gas whose main component is methane, usually containing small amounts of ethane, propane, butane, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, etc. Under standard conditions, the density of natural gas is approximately 0.7174 kg/m³, and its net calorific value is 36.0 MJ/m³. High-pressure natural gas extracted from oil and gas production is primarily supplied for use by large consumers such as power plants and industrial facilities.
Time period
2022
2026
Geography
China
Geography comment
technological representative data
Macroeconomic value
Business-as-Usual
Data validation
Yes
Technology
Current Technology
Technology comment
Water injection technology accounts for 80% of the market share. Water injection refers to the process in oilfield development where water is injected into the reservoir through dedicated injection wells to maintain or restore reservoir pressure, thereby providing strong driving force for the reservoir and enhancing both oil recovery rate and production speed. Energy consumption during water injection mainly involves the operation of oil pumping units, water injection pumps, water separation pumps, and oil and water transfer pumps, as well as natural gas combustion in gas turbine systems. The water injection ratio is typically rationally set according to the characteristics of the oilfield.