Cradle to Gate
Identity ID
ffe0c523-4c73-4bd8-ad7a-e85e45f1b54a
Materials
Associated ID
e7d34669-7c06-4b01-8142-9b84e1c3561b
Included activities starts
Included activities ends
Description
The dataset covers the environmental impacts of oil and natural gas extraction and transportation to coastal facilities. This process includes both the extraction phase and the surface handling phase. It encompasses methane emissions (fugitive emissions and flaring) in specific regions, produced water discharges, and direct energy use during oil extraction processes, including drilling, oil pumping, gas injection, and flaring. Flaring refers to the practice in oil and gas production facilities where combustible waste gases generated during various production processes are sent to flare systems or waste gas combustion systems for incineration. Additionally, emissions from oil spills associated with drilling and pumping operations are included in this inventory, but crude oil leaks related to transportation and refining are not included. Crude oil and natural gas production are often closely linked, requiring material allocation, typically based on energy content to ensure scientific fairness and reasonable distribution. Heavy oil reservoirs refer to reservoirs where the viscosity of crude oil under reservoir conditions exceeds 50 mPa·s. Crude oil in heavy oil reservoirs has high viscosity and poor fluidity, making it difficult to extract. Low-permeability oilfields with water cut <80% refer to those where the water content in the produced fluid is below 80%; this section assumes a water cut of 75%. The net calorific value of crude oil is 43.4 MJ/kg, with an average calorific value of natural gas being 36 MJ/Sm³. Modeled based on representative data of production technology, this data represents the average production level in China. This dataset is based on literature data and has been optimized and modeled according to the best available information from 2023.
Activity Description
This dataset represents offshore extraction of oil and natural gas from low-permeability oilfields using gas injection. The process includes oil production and surface treatment stages. The oil production stage involves lifting oil and gas to the surface using pumping units. Surface treatment mainly includes three-phase separation of oil, gas, and water, as well as transportation of oil and gas.
Process Description
Natural gas is a non-toxic, colorless, odorless gas whose main component is methane, usually containing small amounts of ethane, propane, butane, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, etc. Under standard conditions, the density of natural gas is approximately 0.7174 kg/m³, and its net calorific value is 36.0 MJ/m³. High-pressure natural gas extracted from oil and gas production is primarily supplied for use by large consumers such as power plants and industrial facilities.
Time period
2022
2026
Geography
China
Geography comment
technological representative data
Macroeconomic value
Business-as-Usual
Data validation
Yes
Technology
Current Technology
Technology comment
The application effect of gas injection enhanced oil recovery technology is particularly significant in reservoirs that are difficult to exploit, such as those with low permeability and high viscosity. Gas injection has become one of the primary enhanced oil recovery methods for tertiary oil recovery in oilfields. This technology accounts for more than half of the total oil production from tertiary recovery methods. Gas injection enhanced oil recovery involves injecting gas into the reservoir to supplement formation energy, where an injecting medium (natural gas or air) is injected into the reservoir to displace residual crude oil toward surrounding production wells, thereby enhancing oil recovery rates.