Here, "boiler slag" refers to solid residue formed and discharged at the furnace bottom or in the slag discharge system after fuel combustion during the operation of coal-fired, biomass-fired or other solid-fuel boilers, mainly composed of unburned carbonaceous matter, ash and slag from cooled molten mineral matter and small amounts of metal oxides. After such boiler slag has lost its original fuel function or been discarded, following cooling, crushing, screening and impurity removal it can enter the recovery and reuse processes as a building-material admixture, road base material or backfill material.