Cradle to Gate
Identity ID
69715a80-c14b-41fc-aae2-2ce4dfc115c4
Materials
Associated ID
7ac7972c-d53e-4084-b684-0896a570bf81
Included activities starts
Included activities ends
Description
This dataset represents a product that is crude tin, a primary tin-metal product prepared from tin oxide via a reduction-smelting process, with a tin recovery rate of 97.77% in this reduction-smelting process. Crude tin has a relatively high tin content but does not reach the industrial refined-tin standard; its matrix is metallic tin accompanied by small amounts of impurities, with a silvery-white metallic lustre, good ductility and electrical conductivity, and can be used as a raw material to prepare high-purity refined tin after impurity removal in a subsequent refining process. The upstream raw material of this product is tin oxide, and the downstream is the core feed of the tin-refining process; it is a key intermediate product in the tin metallurgy industrial chain from tin oxide to high-purity refined tin. The dataset includes the main raw and auxiliary materials, energy and wastes in the production process; infrastructure such as the manufacture of production equipment and plant construction is not included within the boundary of the dataset; the data inventory is formed by merging data from multiple sources.
Activity Description
The entire production process includes the tin oxide reduction smelting process, covering the entire process from tin oxide to crude tin.
Process Description
Crude tin is a product produced by reduction and smelting of tin oxide (tin recovery rate is 97.77%). It contains high tin content but has not yet reached the requirements of industrial refined tin. It usually still contains a small amount of impurities. Crude tin has a silver-white metallic luster and has good ductility and conductivity. Impurities can be further removed through the refining process to produce high-purity refined tin.
Time period
2021
2026
Geography
China
Geography comment
Generated by merging multiple data sets in this geographical location.
Macroeconomic value
Business-as-Usual
Data validation
Yes
Technology
Current Technology
Technology comment
Mix the roasted tin oxide with an appropriate amount of reducing agent and flux evenly and then send it to a reverberatory furnace or electric furnace for heating. At high temperatures, tin oxide is reduced to metallic tin under the action of reducing agents and is separated from the slag at the same time. Molten tin is collected at the bottom of the furnace to form coarse tin, and the slag floats on the surface and is regularly discharged through the slag discharge port. The temperature and stirring conditions are controlled throughout the process to ensure sufficient tin reduction and slag separation efficiency. The crude tin obtained from smelting can be used in subsequent refining processes, while the slag can be further processed to recover residual tin.